In 1981, the National Cooperative Gallstone Study established the efficacy and safety of CDCA therapy ... Subsequently, the introduction of UDCA with a better safety profile and equal or better ...

The first drug, CDCA, was largely replaced by the safer UDCA during the 1980s. Shock-wave lithotripsy introduced in Germany in the mid-1980s increased the pool of potential candidates for ...

and CDCA to produce lithocholic acid (LCA). Bacterial enzymes also produce secondary bile acids, including ω-muricholic acid (ω-MCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). (B–D) Structure of primary ...