HMGB1's interactions with its primary receptors, RAGE and TLR4, are essential to its role in liver disease. Upon binding, these receptors initiate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways such as the ...

HMGB1 also contributes to autophagy, which is essential for liver tissue regeneration and cell survival. Upon binding with RAGE and TLR4, HMGB1 activates pro-inflammatory pathways that exacerbate ...

TLR expression is particularly significant ... A critical cysteine is required for HMGB1 binding to Toll-like receptor 4 and activation of macrophage cytokine release. Proceedings of the National ...