Alexandra Denisenko-Floyd [Opens in a new window], Due to the F2 ionospheric layer’s ability to reflect radio waves, the foF2 critical frequency is essential since sudden irregularities can disrupt ...

In fact, it is still used for that purpose. The ionospheric layers that surround the Earth are responsible for the phenomenon. During the daytime there are four layers involved in the process, the ...

The Earth's low- and mid-latitude ionosphere hosts a number of complex phenomena resulting from the coupled dynamics of thermospheric winds, ionospheric plasma, electric fields and ionospheric ...

Top image: A schematic representation of the different ionospheric sub-layers and how they evolve daily from day to night periods. (Credit: Carlos Molina) ...

The low altitude D- and E-region ionospheric layers immediately increase in density over the entire dayside of the Earth. Shortwave radio waves (in the HF range) are absorbed by the increased ...

We believe that further study of the complex dynamics of ionospheric layers due to changes in the Sun’s behaviour is necessary to improve the accuracy of modelling and forecasting such events Co ...