The second one is, you forget the ionosphere, and the current is carried only by the earth... Both modes of propagation have been very fine, we know that. The problem with both modes in terms of ...

The ISR has numerous projects to explore the phenomenology of the Earth's ionosphere, the region of the Earth's upper atmosphere that is dominated by ions and free electrons. Investigations include ...

This model has shown promising results in identifying various ionospheric modes and extracting critical ... A computational technique used to simulate the propagation of waves through a medium ...

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine are private, nonprofit institutions that provide expert advice on some of the most pressing challenges facing the nation and world. Our ...

The Earth’s ionosphere is the ionized upper part of the atmosphere, and it’s also the most dynamic as it swells and ebbs depending on whether it’s exposed to the Sun or not. It’s the ...