Biological indicators are used to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of sterilization. They are designed for use with ethylene oxide gas, dry heat, steam, or radiation. Ethylene oxide gas is used ...

Chemical indicators for steam autoclaving change colors after being exposed for a few minutes to normal ... Incineration is a very effective means of final sterilization and disposal, and is also used ...

For decades, developments in sterilization procedures have been driven by improvements of mainstream techniques. “Steam, ethylene oxide gas, formaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, etc. are each ...