Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are proteins that recognize specific molecular patterns of pathogens. They can also interact with a variety of endogenous ligands. When stimulated, TLRs initiate a ...

mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been identified. By now, nine transmembrane proteins in the TLR family have been described. Mammalian TLR4 is the signal-transducing receptor activated by ...