An antibody molecule consists of two heavy chains (approximately 50 kDa each) and two light chains (approximately 25 kDa each). These chains are interconnected by disulfide bonds, resulting in a ...

and the two heavy chains are likewise attached by a third disulfide bond. By these arrangements, each of the two arms of the antibody includes one light chain and one heavy chain, with the ...

Hence, it can be challenging to uphold the correct folding, functionality, and stability during the production of recombinant antibodies. Disulfide Bond Formation: Incorrect formation of disulfide ...