to find high-affinity antibodies against their desired target. Alternatively, companies may wish to partner with Twist Biopharma to build a custom library in a vector and scaffold of their choice.

Research led by Christian Medical College in Vellore, India, has demonstrated the successful use of lentiviral vectors to ...

This limits their clinical applications. To overcome this issue, genetic engineering can be used to humanize these antibodies, making them more similar to naturally occurring human antibodies.

Humanization of mouse monoclonal antibodies or alpaca nanobody by genetic engineering can increase their similarity to antibodies naturally produced in humans, greatly enhancing their in vivo ...