Figure 1. The cortico-basal ganglia motor circuit as originally proposed by Alexander et al. (1986). Abbreviations: GPi = internal segment of the globus pallidus; SMA = supplementary motor area; ...

substantia nigra pars reticulata; STN, subthalamic nucleus; VA, ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus; VL, ventrolateral nucleus of thalamus. The general anatomical arrangement of the basal ganglia is ...

Legendary soul singer Jerry Butler, known as "The Iceman," has passed away at 85, leaving behind an unforgettable legacy in ...

Striatal dopamine (DA) release regulates reward-related learning and behavioural activation and is believed to consist of a short-lived phasic and continuous tonic component. Here, we build a ...

Novo Nordisk’s bid to provide a once-weekly basal insulin product for people with diabetes, reducing the number of injections needed, has hit a major hurdle in the US. The FDA sent the Danish ...

32 Activation of basal ganglia reserves due to fear can also overcome bradykinesia. For example, PD patients off medication speed up in a decision-making task in an attempt to avoid painful electric ...