Reviewing both ultrastructural and molecular data, the present work aims to showcase the increasing relevance of invertebrate deuterostomes, i.e., echinoderms, hemichordates, cephalochordates and ...

Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have highlighted the benefits of ...

Innate immunity has a long phylogenetic history, encompassing species as diverse as sea anemones, insects and mammals. By contrast, adaptive immunity, which involves lymphocyte-like cells and the ...

Remarkably, gene expression analysis in cephalochordates led to the identification of HE (Pascual-Anaya et al., 2013), which places EHT process as ancient and highly conserved through phylogeny. EHT ...