Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) signal through FGF receptor tyrosine kinases to regulate a wide range of biological processes during development and adulthood. FGF receptors (FGFRs) are involved ...

An abnormal development of the forebrain, holoprosencephaly, is the most common cranial abnormality in infants with Trisomy 13. The embryology and implications of holoprosencephaly are described.

However, a 300 kb deletion of 18p11.31, including the TGIF1 gene, was identified and is likely the cause of the holoprosencephaly seen in the fetus.

The evolution of a disease resulting in functional changes in your body is known as pathophysiology. To understand COPD’s pathophysiology, it’s important to understand the structure of the ...

The genetic basis of most traits is highly polygenic and dominated by non-coding alleles. It is widely assumed that such alleles exert small regulatory effects on the expression of cis-linked genes.

Endothelial cell specific Lrp2 deletion leads to impaired Aβ-clearance, which is described in more detail in the next section. Defective homeostasis of SorLA and its cargo disrupts cellular function ...

Correspondence to: Prof. M Levin, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK; m.levin{at}ic.ac.uk Neisseria ...

Possible causes of low blood pressure, or hypotension, range from dehydration to a heart condition. Drinking more water may help, but some people will need medication. Changing dietary habits may ...

Or it could be a condition that results in one or both of the vocal cords becoming paralyzed. Most of the time, causes such as a cold, allergies, or inhaled irritants are the culprit, but hoarseness ...

Potential treatments include heat therapy, acupuncture, or medications. There are many potential causes of back pain. Back pain may originate in the muscles, bones, or ligaments of the spine.

Diarrhea is a common problem that can come on suddenly or be a chronic complaint. Some possible causes of diarrhea include food poisoning, infections, food allergies or intolerances, and medication.