The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to ...

Enzyme mechanisms are the chemical transformations, and the steps within them, generated by enzymatic action on substrates. The mechanism of enzyme catalysis is similar in principle to other types ...

Defense mechanisms are rooted in Freud’s theory of personality.According to his model, the mind has three dueling forces: the id (unconscious and primitive urges for food, comfort, and sex), the ...

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory conditions that are immunologically mediated. Although their exact etiologies remain uncertain, results from ...

The most commonly mutated ALS-linked genes are reviewed with an emphasis on disease-causing mechanisms. The cellular processes involved in ALS pathogenesis are discussed, with evidence implicating ...

Once remission has been achieved, however, there is no evidence that steroid enemas will maintain the remission. [27] Thus with the risk of cumulative systemic absorption of topically administered ...

However, the mechanism of FMT in enhancing antitumor effects of immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) has not yet been fully elucidated. This review systematically summarizes the role of microbes and ...

A catalytic mechanism is the sequence of elementary reactions by which a catalytic reaction proceeds. The behaviour of nanoconfined water can be very different from that of the bulk and is ...

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California ...

Crohn disease is a chronic condition characterised by intestinal inflammation and progressive bowel damage associated with impaired functioning. In rheumatoid arthritis, which shares some common ...

However, existing supersulfide donors are limited to releasing RSSH. Compared to RSSH, hydrotrisulfide (RSSSH) is a more mysterious molecule that harbors an additional zerovalent sulfur atom, which is ...

In this Review, we summarise common mechanisms driving acute and long-term side-effects and discuss monitoring strategies for radiotherapy survivors. We explore ways to mitigate toxic effects through ...