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Introduction: Descending pathways from the cortex to the spinal cord are involved in the control of natural movement. Although mice are widely used to study the neurobiology of movement and as models ...

Before primary motor cortex (M1) develops its motor functions, it functions like a somatosensory area. Here, by recording from neurons in the forelimb representation of M1 in postnatal day (P) 8–12 ...

Although the architecture of a dopaminergic (DA) system within the primary motor cortex (M1) was well characterized anatomically, its functional significance remained obscure for a long time. Recent ...