Originally perceived as postganglionic parasympathetic neurons, the ENS earned recognition for its autonomy ... and the submucous plexus (Meissner's), two main plexuses formed by the grouping of nerve ...

primary areas: Certain cranial nerves in the cranium, namely the preganglionic parasympathetic nerves (CN III, CN VII, CN IX and CN X) usually arise from specific ...

The autonomic nervous system orchestrates the functions of internal organs such as the heart and gut, serving as a connection ...

The autonomic nervous system orchestrates the functions of internal organ such as the heart and gut, serving as a connection between the brain and the ...

Purpose: The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosage and administration, and formulary considerations of tiotropium are discussed. Conclusion ...

This month's cover highlights the article A novel bacterial effector protein mediates ER-LD membrane contacts to regulate host lipid droplets by Stacey D. Gilk, Rajendra Angara and Arif Sadi. The ...

Nitric oxide is endogenously released in the airways by nitric oxide synthase. Functionally, two isoforms of this enzyme exist: constitutive and inducible. The former seems to protect airways from ...

Preganglion fibers release acetylcholine at the level of peribronchial ganglia, from which postganglion fibers are generated, leading to the release of acetylcholine in the bronchial wall.