总结而言，许多非动物毒液传递系统在捕食、防御、竞争或繁殖中具有功能作用。研究表明，传统上被认为是动物适应性的毒液，实际上更为古老且广泛存在。大量证据表明，许多植物、原生生物、细菌、病毒和真菌具有类似于动物毒液传递系统的毒素传递系统。这挑战了传统的毒液定义，并揭示了进化生物学中一个被忽视的方面。

We look at the benefits that nettles and other weeds can bring to the golf course. We see how some of the more ‘nuisance’ ...

Forget snakes and spiders—a new review details venomous plants, fungi, and even bacteria, proving that nature's deadliest ...

Powerectus stands out as a leading contender for men seeking to enhance their performance, vitality, and overall health in ...

In today’s fast-paced world, men are constantly seeking ways to enhance their performance—in the gym, at work, or in their ...

How to get rid of Canadian thistle Canadian thistle is resistant to some single-action herbicides, so the best strategy is to exhaust the roots over time, according to Cornell University. Remove as ...

Nettle Extract (Urtica Dioica L.) Root Nettle root extract is another powerful ingredient in Powerectus, known for its ability to support urinary tract health and hormonal balance.