The primary outcome of this study was osteoporosis. Referring to previous studies, dual-energy X-ray (DXA) scans of the spine (L1–L4) or both hip joints were performed to evaluate an individual’s BMD ...

DXA was widely used in the measurement of BMD and has the advantages of fast speed, convenience, and low radiation (17). Three Hologic QDR-4500A fan-beam densitometers were used for total femur BMD ...