These overproduced IgA are galactose-deficient IgA1, and the immune complex containing galactose-deficient IgA1 is deposited in the mesangium leading to glomerular damage. IECs, intestinal epithelial ...

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which is characterized by a series of abnormal changes such as glomerulosclerosis, podocyte loss, renal tubular atrophy ...