Any given water molecule has been recycled through infinite evaporation/condensation cycles since simple cyanobacteria – living on plentiful carbon dioxide, water and sunlight on a warm earth – ...

2018) simulates high-resolution snow surface features such as dunes and sastrugi. Ice motion vectors derived from satellite play a key role in redistributing the snow for the pan-Arctic simulations.

It could be squeaky or powdery or crusty. The wind often sculpted it into waves, known as sastrugi, which rose as high as four feet and sometimes extended, in parallel rows, to the horizon.

Towering sastrugi formations (snow sculptures formed by winds) slowed him down, and he developed "polar thigh"--a condition that chafed his lower half, making each step agonising. "I felt ...

Usually, a good place consisted of a uniform zone ranging several square meters and representative of the surrounding area. It also had to be free of sastrugi (small snow ridges created by the wind).

San Francisco-based mountaineer Satish Gogineni became the first Indian to ski solo and unsupported from Hercules Inlet to the South Pole. His journey, part of Project Spandana and dedicated to ...

Usually, a good place consisted of a uniform zone ranging several square meters and representative of the surrounding area. It also had to be free of sastrugi (small snow ridges created by the wind).