Biofilms are clusters of microorganisms that stick to non-biological surfaces, such as rocks in a stream, as well as to surfaces on plants (roots) or in animals (epithelium). These clusters are ...

Extraluminal contamination is thought to also occurby microorganisms ascending from the perineum along the surface of the catheter. Most episodes of bacteriuria in catheterized women are believed to ...

Thirty-nine (6%) TRA procedures crossed over to femoral access, most commonly because the artery of interest could not be catheterized (26/39, 67%). A retained catheter was identified in five cases (1 ...