This is alternating current or ac. The output of an alternator can be represented on a potential difference-time graph, with potential difference on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis.

As the induced potential difference is about to change direction, the connections are reversed. This means that the current to the external circuit is always in the same direction. increasing the ...

The AC signal is a sinusoid whose frequency matches the mechanical resonance of the cantilever. The cantilever is driven into oscillation by electrostatic forces where the DC potential difference ...