A 52-year-old male with abrupt-onset hoarseness visited the authors' clinic. His medical history was otherwise unremarkable. A 1 × 1 cm hard, fixed lymph node was palpable in the right level II area.

Proptosis and exophthalmos are the medical terms used to describe bulging eyes. While some people are born with eyes that protrude more than is typical, other people develop bulging eyes as a ...

Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is a hyperthyroidism-related and immune-mediated disease that poses a significant threat to human health. The pathogenesis of GO primarily involves T cells, B cells, and ...

Objective: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a disfiguring autoimmune disease, which destroys the structure of orbital tissues and even threatens vision. Metabolic reprograming is critical in ...