The extensive arms agreements between Beijing and Pakistan which encompass the Type 054A/P frigates and Hangor-class submarines have established Pakistan’s dependency on Chinese-manufactured ...

Additionally, Pakistan is set to receive eight Hangor-class submarines from China, which are equipped with Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) technology. Pakistan anticipates that these submarines ...

China is swiftly increasing the size of its submarine fleet, while India's first nuclear attack submarine is anticipated to be operational by 2036.

Pakistan wanted to integrate German AIP technology to upgrade its inventory of submarines and the Hangor Class submarines. Repeated delays by Germany allowed the Indian Navy to ramp up and go ...