An analytical model is established to understand the effect of the CL structure on the effective properties, performance, and durability of the PEM fuel cells. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the CL structure-associated studies are highlighted for the development of high-performing PEM fuel cells.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been recently developed at an increasing pace as clean energy conversion devices for stationary and transport sector applications.

This perspective examines critical features of the catalyst layer ionomer. It highlights the current understanding of interactions of ionomer in catalyst inks, where the microstructure of the catalyst layer is largely formed, and in the catalyst layer itself.

A rational design of the structure of catalyst layer (CL) is required for proton exchange membrane fuel cells to attain outstanding performance and excellent stability.

Efforts in design and optimization of catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells hinge on mathematical models that link electrode composition and microstructure with effective physico ...